A Brief History of Sick Days

A Brief History of Sick Days A Brief History of Sick Days A Brief History of Sick DaysWhen it comes to guaranteeing paid medical leave, the United States is behind many European nations and possibly the Ancient Egyptians as well.With Memorial Day almost upon us, millions of Americans are going to be enjoying a well-earned day off. But there is one kind of day off that many Americans don’t enjoy: paid sick leave. Why is that? We reached out to a few experts and consulted the historical record to find out why.The United States lags behind.Depending on where you work or what kind of job you have, you might or might not be able to take paid time off work when you’re sick and need to recuperate. And if it seems like there is little rhyme or reason to our country’s system for guaranteeing paid sicks days, well, you’re exactly not wrong about that.Last year, we wrote a post chronicling the evolution of the U.S. health insurance system, which mostly amounted to laying out a series of historical accidents leading to the current arrangement we enjoyâ€"or maybe don’t enjoyâ€"today. And when it comes to the history of sick days, particularly in the United States, the story is much the same.While some level of paid sick leave is a standard workplace benefit in at least 145 countries around the world, currently there are no federal laws requiring private employers to provide paid sick leave for their employees who work in the United States,” explained Timothy Wiedman, retired professor of Management Human Resources at  Doane University (@DoaneUniversity).“A few U.S. cities (notably San Francisco and Washington, D.C.) have passed such legislation to cover a great many local employees who work within their jurisdictions, but those situations are very rare at this point.”“On the other hand, the majority of government workers and private-sector unionized employees do receive some level of paid sick leave benefits, Wiedman continued. “Further, a great many large and medium-sized companies also voluntarily provide s ome sort of paid sick leave for their (non-union) salaried and clerical employees.”“So in America, exactly ‘who’ receives paid sick leaveâ€"and how much leave theyre entitled toâ€"amounts to a hodgepodge of disparate plans that lack any uniformity.”Sick leave traces its origins back to Ancient Egypt.If you expect us to say something like “sick leave actually dates back to the Ancient Greeks,” you’d only be half right. The Ancient Greeks sure did invent a lot of things, but sick leave wasn’t one of them. For that, you’d have to take a trip across the Mediterranean.“The first record of sick days goes back to ancient Egypt,” said Richard Pummell, Human Resources Lead at DevelopIntelligence. “Craftsmen who were working on the tombs journaled their work activities and when they were paid in grain.“Historians have noted that these craftsmen continued to receive their payments of grain even after evidence showed the workers had taken ill for a period of time and was unable to work, thereby documenting the first sick days!”It would take another couple thousand years before the United States of America would even existâ€"but even then, this country’s views on paid sick leave were a little behind the times. And that view didn’t just extend to paid sick leave, but to the concept of paid vacation in general.In the 20th century, paid sick leave slowly improves.After the Industrial Revolution hadâ€"wellâ€"revolutionized the American workforce, the idea that perhaps giving workers a little extra time off might be good for them and for their employers began to take hole. In 1910, President William Howard Taft proposed legislation that would have guaranteed U.S. two to three months off every year!As you might have guessed, that bill did  not make it through Congress.“Sick days in the United States have evolved very slowly, said Hummell.” They first entered the vernacular as unions became prevalent and were looking for ways to ensure that m embers pay was consistent. Losing paid time over illness was problematic, and limited amounts of compensation paid for time not worked due to illness became more common. As most unions were engaged in male-dominated fields, females were less likely to be in an occupation that offered paid sick time.”“As corporations offered expanded benefits starting in the 1950s and 60s, paid sick days became more common but only to those employed by large organizations. Due to the lack of any federal law regarding payment of sick days to employees, those working for themselves or for smaller companies were not typically afforded this benefit,” he continued.FMLA represented a big step forward.Even though paid medical leave was becoming a bit more standard for U.S. employees, there were still no overarching government policies in place. On that front, progress wouldn’t be made for decades: The biggest step forward for paid leave in the United States came during the Clinton Administration.“ In 1993, Congress passed the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) which provides up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year for many (but certainly not all) U.S. workers (with no threat of job loss) to deal with personal or family health-related situations that are specified by the law,” said Wiedman.Still, unpaid medical leave isn’t the same thing as paid sick days. And decades after the passage of the FMLA, there’s a lot of progress still to be made.“Even now, employees in service industries such as restaurants and hotels are typically not provided with paid sick leave. This benefit is also usually only offered to full-time employees, so anyone who is part-time is also not likely to receive sick pay,” said Pummell.“Today, only nine states and a number of cities in the US require employers to offer paid sick leave. The United States definitely lags most of Europe in this regard, where extensive sick days that can extend into many weeks are offered and sick leave is managed by the employer, a physician, and the government.”So what does the future hold for sick days?A day off to rest up from a nasty cold is a great benefit, but being able to take paid time off to deal with a serious medical issue could mean the difference between a speedy recovery and filing for bankruptcy.These sorts of issues are how many people end up relying on predatory no credit check loans and short-term bad credit loansâ€"like payday loans, cash advances, and title loansâ€"to make ends meet, trapping them in a dangerous cycle of debt.So will things change anytime soon? Wiedman thinks so:“A great many business leaders (especially folks who represented the interests of small businesses) fought the passage of the FMLA It was thought to be the (so-called) thin edge of the wedge that would expand to cover more and more workersâ€"and would eventually require paid leave.“Thus far, that hasnt happened.  However, numerous politicians have made proposals that seem to fit that gener al agenda.  So personally, I doubt that the FMLA will remain in its current form indefinitely!”Are you prepared for a medical emergency?In order to protect yourself from an unexpected medical issue, you should have a well-stocked emergency fund in place. And that means creating a plan to save money on the regular. To learn more, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Save More Money With These 40 Expert TipsFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingBuilding your Financial Life: Budgeting for Beginners8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsRichard Pummell has over 30 years of business experience in the software, human resources outsourcing and business process outsourcing industries. He has led management teams that enabled the rapid growth of start-up, small and medium-size companies, an d has worked with a number of Fortune 500 and multi-national companies on human resources, process improvement, and systems implementation projects. Most recently, Richard has launched workonnex in the United States, a company providing real-time data and consulting services on employee satisfaction, engagement, and well-being.After 13 years as a successful operations manager working at two different ‘Fortune 1000’ companies, Dr. Timothy G. Wiedman spent the next 28 years in academia teaching college courses in business, management, human resources, and retirement planning.  Dr. Wiedman recently took an early retirement from  Doane University (@DoaneUniversity), is a member of the Human Resources Group of West Michigan and continues to do annual volunteer work for the SHRM Foundation. He holds two graduate degrees in business and has completed multiple professional certifications.

Wannacry a cyber security issue - Free Essay Example

Despite the growth of technology displaying definite significant to the society, it has been subjected to many challenges with the most conspicuous challenge being the cyber security issue.   To be in a position of defining how cyber security has negatively affected the technology industry, it serves great importance mentioning that cyber security is a set of methods made up of technologies, processes, and practices designed to safeguard networks, programs and data from attacks and damages from viruses or access by unauthorized access.   The process of ensuring cyber security needs coordinated efforts from interested stakeholders in an information system within an organization. In the course of providing a secure information system, the traditional approach concentrated most of it efforts in seeing to it that the most vital system components are protected against the biggest identified threat. Through enhancing the security details of critical components in an information system, information systems components that are thought less important are left unsecured thus exposing them to the attack by viruses.. In many organizations, the information technology department installs antivirus to protect their organization crucial information from attack by viruses putting less attention on ways in which the whole operating system can be protected from virus attacks. Addressing the issue of operating system attacks by viruses, Wannacry can be viewed as a   cyber security issue in that it affects the Windows operating system. The most conspicuous event that qualifies the Wannacry as a cyber safety issue is that the virus first harmful effects were felt after it attacked over one hundred and fifty regions around the world. A notion that saw to it some people giving the incident the name the begging of a new era that was marked with hackers being in a position of gaining access to other users weak spots in online security. Further prove that Wannacry is a cyber security issue is proven by the fact that the major virus target was Microsoft’s Windows operating system utilizing a malicious software ransomware. Making use of the mentioned virus, Wannacry blocked users from entry to computers system and demanded that the affected user make some payments through crypto media of exchange known as bitcoin. Together with locking down users from accessing important files from their computers in many parts of Europe, Asia and fewer parts of North America,   a well-known electronic company from Japan Known as Hitachi claimed that they experienced hard times in the process of operating their emails.   Some of the complaints raised by the company are that it was not possible for them to send or receive electronic mails, opening attached files a problem that the Hitachi Company attributed to the Wannacry attack. As noted in the introduction paragraph, a cyber security issue is any occurrence that compensates the proper flow of data processing in an information system. Through taking advantage of the Windows operating system exploit called Eterbal Blue, Wannacry ruins the functionality of the software system a perspective that qualifies Wannacry as a cyber security issue.   By inhibiting users from accessing their files unless they make a certain payment via the bitcoin currency, Wannacry rendered the users to a situation in which they could not operate their laptops effectively. Also,   Eternal Blue which takes advantage of  Ã‚   Microsoft patched in security update   MS 17-010 made hackers conversant with using Wannacry virus thus could gain   access to remote computers users and install programs with malicious effects on a given user computer thus locking down the users from accessing their stored information.   For a user to in a position of obtaining his or her stored informa tion, the user was required to make some payments to a certain site.   . Accessing personal information without the authority of the person in question renders the user whose information have been accessed to a situation in which individuals privacy is exposed.   Since Wannacry virus enabled the act, it is a fact Wannacry qualifies a cyber security issue.   Even though the ruins associated with Wannacry attacks were maintained after the ransomware attacks with remediation plans, it serves great importance for organizations dealing with information technology to set an effective means of mitigating chances of cyber security.   The best way in which information Technology Company can figure out the issues of cyber security is through enhancing awareness of using the Internet safely in a whole in an organization. Following the Wannacry attack, it was proven beyond reasonable doubts that any business organization despite the complexity of its system subjected to a risk factor of a cyber attack that in one way or the other compensates the overall functionality of the group in question. As defined in the introduction section of this discussion a cyber security issue is an intentional act that jeopardizes the typical workflow within an organization. On the other hand, cyber security entails the actions aimed at ensuring that malicious users who might harm the way in which computer users carry out their data processing activities safeguard information system from access. Facts provided in the essay give a clear reference to the way in which Wannacry attack caused mishaps on different sections regions across the world.   The first notable effect that Wannacry displayed the traits of a cyber security issue is that it barricaded computers users from accessing their files.   As the discussion high lights, for a user to be in a position of accessing individual’s data, the user in question was required to pay some cash a definite site that he or she would receive an electronic mail.   In addition to denying users access to their information, through making use of Wannacry, malicious users   gained access of other people information thus exposing their privacy. In the process of ensuring data security is arrived at in a given institution, cyber security ensures that malicious users cannot access personal information. This notion is however compensated after Wannacry comes in play. By allowing malicious users gain access of personal Wannacry has proven a cyber security issue.   Despite the fact that Wannacry acting as a cyber security issue, through the application of some of some specific measures organization can mitigate chances of Wannacry and other cyber security issues. For instance ensuring all information system components are safe safeguarded from cases of attack by viruses or access by unauthorized users. In addition to initiating security measures to all elements of information system, the organization in question should see to it that computer users are taken through awareness training to that will help them mitigate chances of unsafe use of internet.

Focus on Adjectives Ending in -ic and -ical

Many adjectives end in either -ic or -ical. Examples of Adjectives Ending In -ic: athleticenergeticpropheticscientific Example Sentences: The boys are very athletic and play a variety of sportsI didnt realize you were so energetic! Youve completed 10 exercises in the last hour.His writings were very prophetic and some think show the way of the future.Many feel that the only valid way to learn is the scientific approach. Examples of Adjectives Ending In -ical: magicaldiabolicalcynicalmusical Example Sentences: We had a magical evening at the concert.His political use of the military was diabolical.I wish she werent so cynical. I dont know whether I can believe anything she says.You Timothy is quite musical and plays the piano well. An extension of the adjective ending -ical is the adjective ending in -logical. These adjectives tend to be used with scientific and medical related terms. Examples of Adjectives Ending In -logical: psychologicalcardiologicalchronologicalideological Example Sentences: The psychological study of patients has led to many helpful discoveries.The cardiological unit of the hospital has saved many lives.The chronological listing of each Kings reign can be found on page 244.Many feel that an ideological approach to our political problems will not solve anything. There are a few cases in which both adjective endings are used with slight changes in meaning. Here are some of the most common: Economic /Economical economic relating to economics and financeeconomical money saving, frugal Example Sentences: The economic picture looks pretty depressing for the next few quarters.Its economical to reuse your banana peels as compost. Historic/Historical historic famous and importanthistorical dealing with history Example Sentences: The historic Battle of the Bulge was fought in Belgium.The historical significance of Da Vincis writings was discussed in Peter Goulds essay. Lyric /Lyrical lyric relating to poetrylyrical resembling poetry, musicality, etc. Example Sentences: Lyric poetry reading can help you find the music of everyday language.His lyrical approach to scientific writing help to popularize the subject.

Secularism v. Spirituality in the Second Nuns Tale Essay

Secularism v. Spirituality in the Second Nuns Tale In the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes the men and women of the Church in extreme forms; most of these holy pilgrims, such as the Monk, the Friar, and Pardoner, are caricatures of objectionable parts of Catholic society. At a time when the power-hungry Catholic Church used the misery of peasants in order to obtain wealth, it is no wonder that one of the greatest writers of the Middle Ages used his works to comment on the religious politics of the day. Yet not all of Chaucers religious characters are failures in spirituality. His description of the Second Nun is of a truly pious woman who spends her life in the service of†¦show more content†¦Chaucer does not only the tale to show off his writing abilities -- it is not simply a display of his incredible versatility as an author. Chaucer uses this tale to contrast his anti-church sentiments within the Canterbury Tales; it shows his great respect for spiritual beliefs and benefits him in making his argument against the Church. In essence, Chaucer is clearly defending his anti-secular position by showing his reverence and devotion to spirituality; his problems lie with the Church, not the faith. While very well known for his sardonic criticism of the Church, he is less often acknowledged for his appreciation and respect for the religion itself. Judith A. Weise puts forth one of the more shocking theories concerning the Second Nuns Tale in her essay Chaucers Tell-Tale Lexicon: Romancing Seinte Cecyle. Weise argues that Chaucers purpose for writing the saints tale as a self-imposed literary penance for the raptus of Cecilia Chaumpaigne. She posits: Chaucer began translating the lyf in the wake of Cecilias release to deflect negative reactions by his family... Is it just a stunning coincidence that the one saints life Chaucer writes concerns a virgin martyr with the same name? (1) Why not? Perhaps Chaucer, like many other writers, uses his writing as some form of psychological and spiritual cleansing;

Comparing Barak Obamas Administration to Abraham...

Over time there has been alot of presidents that has been in and out of the white house. Some of the presidents have done a great job in office some presidents didnt do so good in the white house. People in general have all sorts of different opinions on presidents some people may say one president was the best while another person may disagree. In my opinion out of all the presidents there is a man named Abraham Lincoln who i think was one of the greatest presidents of all time. One of are presidents in the present who i think does not do a very good job in office is president Barack Obama. There are a lot of reasons why i put these two in the catogories i did and in my essay i am going to explain this reasoning behind my†¦show more content†¦Abraham Lincoln was not perfect but he was a great president. President Obama in my opinion is one of the worst presidents to ever step in office. Obama who was born in born August 4, 1961, he is the 44th and current president of the United States. Obama in my opinion cant keep the promises that he makes. Obama promised to keep the unemployment rate under 8% and making it seem a failure though the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office said it saved more than 3 million jobs and prevented a double-digit jobless rate. Obama is forcing americans to have health care not all americans can afford healthcare. They also voted on the Obamacare and people hated it but we ended up being forced to get it anyway and for the people that cant afford it get punished by having to pay a fine for not having it. Obama is not a strong leader at all he has driven us so far in debt that it is unreal. To me obama doesnt seem devoted at all how can you make a health care plan and pretty much tell people if there over 75 there just out of luck for health care in my opi nion that is sad. Obama does not take credit for his actions , when he fails to keep his promises he points the finge at somebody else instead of taking responsibility for it. When the United States went into a goverment shut down instead of Obama and standing up and being a leader and figuring out a solution the shut down continued for

William Shakespeares Hamlet - 1482 Words

In one of William Shakespeare’s most notorious plays, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses multiple scenes filled with drama to add a certain extreme dimension to the play. In a story filled with drama, such as Hamlet, an author attempts to use intense dialogue and actions in order to invoke personal emotions and feelings in the hearts of the audience. Shakespeare attempted to have the audience feel the pain that Hamlet experienced, sense the feelings of revenge that were deep in the heart of the prince, and be able to place themselves inside the play, as if they were there while the whole thing was taking place. From he first time that we are introduced to the character of Hamlet, we automatically get a sense of his intensity as a human being, yet his professional elegance as a prince (Mabillard, Amanda). In this story, we witness the actions of one young Prince Hamlet as we see his reactions to the news that his uncle not only killed his brother, King Hamlet, but then married his wife t o take the crown. Shakespeare’s work shows us how drama can be used to elevate the intensity and interest of an audience in a play. To many people in the English literature community, William Shakespeare is regarded as one of, if not, the most in influential writer and dramatic artist of the 1500s. Shakespeare’s plays and writings have always done much to alter the course of English, and also World literature (Mabillard, Amanda). Though his personal life and views are plagued by scrutiny in theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. The majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the play is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in H amlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet745 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Hamlet is a unique character due to his unpredictability. He is attempting to discover the truth in a way that no other character of Shakespeare’s has done. We find Hamlet in a state of deep melancholy due to the death of his father, as well as the very sudden and lewd marriage of his uncle and his mother. Hamlet is inspired by the player giving the speech about Hecuba witnessing the massacre of her husband, Priam. He goes off on his own, and he is bewilderedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet964 Words   |  4 Pagesunsatisfactory situation. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, a characters inability to overcome their weakness due to it being emphasized by their unfortunate circumstance results in their tragic downfall. This is illustrated through Hamlets over thinking, Claudi uss ambition, and Gertrudes naive persona. Hamlets character is one that is very thoughtful and conscious, however some view these qualities as procrastination and over thinking. Even Hamlet himself acknowledges this inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1308 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, has deep meaning and sorrow to its story. It has one of the most famous soliloquies ever to be written in theater art, â€Å"To be, or not to be.† At first, reading Shakespeare’s writing seems difficult to understand and be interested in, but as the reader reads on and digs into the roots of the play, it truly grabs the reader’s attention and makes him/her want to know more of the thoughts behind Hamlet. Thus, the story of Hamlet begins and his personality shows throughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet 2214 Words   |  9 PagesMadness within: Bipolar William Shakespeare had the uncanny ability to read people then put into words how individuals reacted with one another. His most known playwright is â€Å"Hamlet†. Hamlet leads the opening of the play with grandeur; but, when his father’s ghost of comes to visit him telling of Hamlet’s uncle Claudius killed him. Hamlet schemes a plan pursuing revenge. Hamlet demonstrates depression exceptionally, in the presence of his mother and Uncle Claudius. Shakespeare’s character likely labeledRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet might well claim to be Shakespeares most famous play because of its language and the charm of its central character. Shakespeare wrote some thirty-eight plays. Taken individuallyRead More William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet has been praised and revered for centuries as one of William Shakespeares best known and most popular tragedies. Based on its popularity, critics alike have taken various viewpoints and theories in order to explain Hamlets actions throughout the play. The psychoanalytic point of view is one of the most famous positions taken on Hamlet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalytic criticism is a type of literary criticism that analyzes and classifies many of the forms ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet1172 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet is a complex story that uses many literary devices to help develop the characters in Hamlet. One dominant device is irony. The main plot of the story revolves around irony. Hamlet is a witty character and loves to use irony. Hamlet’s use of irony displays how he insults people, discovers useful information, and reveals his true character. The use of irony in this story helps to add depth to each character, which is why Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most complex stories. There are three typesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet710 Words   |  3 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet are very few female characters that is caused by the story - the son must avenge his fathers killer , the mother s uncle . Nevertheless images of Gertrude , Queen of the Danish and Ophelia , daughter of royal adviser Polonius , played in the tragedy very important role . In these two images are not simply embodied many typical female character traits - as worthy , and not so . In the process of communication with these women reveal deeper characters of Hamlet andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet Essay2474 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet When first introduced to Hamlet he is a character full of pain and confusion, still mourning his father’s death, ‘But two months dead-nay, not so much, not two’.[1] The punctuation here highlights Hamlet’s anguish. Significantly, Hamlet is already portrayed as a misfit, as no one else within the court but Hamlet is wearing mourning clothes; in Shakespeare’s time it would have been worn for at least a year following the death of a king.

Motivation techniques Free Essays

Entrepreneurs who start and build new businesses are more celebrated than studied. They embody, in the popular imagination and in the eyes of some scholars, the virtues of â€Å"boldness, ingenuity, leadership, persistence and determination but policy makers see them as crucial source of employment and productivity growth; our systematic knowledge of how entrepreneurs start and grow their businesses is limited, since the activity does not occupy a prominent place in the study of business and economics because laments about the ineffable nature of entrepreneurship dominate the discourse about new and fledging businesses. Most new business lack any ideas or assets that differentiate them from their competitors, they don’t really earn profit; they merely provide a wage to their proprietors that is set by a competitive market for the proprietor’s labor, and for many individuals this wage turns out to be lower than what they could make working for someone else, and therefore, they have a powerful incentive to shut down. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation techniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most entrepreneurs agree that their businesses generates a positive cash flow within months of launch and the profitability of their businesses is difficult to estimate; small firms often keep inaccurate financial records and commingle company and personal expenditures. The capacities of the incorporated companies finance their high rates of growth through internal generated funds suggesting that their profit margins are significantly positive. The belief that many entrepreneurs are special has widespread appeal, but we cannot easily specify their exact distinctive traits and skills but folklore attributes some of the many qualities of the entrepreneur as; great energy, vision, leadership skills, and lastly a never-say-die spirit, to name just a few. In addition formal research on entrepreneurs, also assumes as individuals with distinctive traits and skills, but contrastingly empirical studies provide weak support, in â€Å"profiling the entrepreneur’s personality† (Adler, 1999). Although, the studies have suffered from basic methodological problems, for instance, many researchers have tried to identify a universal entrepreneurial personality where they have implicitly assumed that owners of the car dealerships, self-employed accountants and the founders of software companies share common traits that distinguish them from the population at large, but this seems unlikely, given the wide variety of problems and tasks that these individuals face; a related problem also is derived from the arbitrary selection of traits, and   consequently researchers have studied whether entrepreneurs have ‘Type A’ personalities or a high speed for achievement, without specifying why these qualities matter. In business theories and models studies, most businesses mature gradually and only exceptional business start with talent, capital and strategies that will rapidly propel them into the ranks of large well established companies. Fledging businesses turn into long-lived companies through a protracted, multistage process rather than through a one-short transformation. It requires decades of sustained investment to develop the necessary systems of coordinated assets, since, developing the assets that will sustain a long-lived firm requires much more investment than does when starting a promising business. This therefore implies that entrepreneurs have to undertake initiatives that require considerable out of-pocket outlays or opportunity costs to develop brand names, technologies, broad product lines, and distribution channels. Fore knowledge Entrepreneurs cannot easily envision the design of an effective system of complementary assets in advance. For example the distinctive features of the Wal-mart discount chain is its focus on underserved rural areas, low prices,   purchasing skills, investments in information technology, employee culture and the greater store entrances; all these have an impressive logic and coherence. The Wal-Mart system evolved over more than a decade, after much trial and error and some failed initiatives, rather than through the execution of a master plan (Ballard, Langrehr, 1993). Learning by doing Some critical assets like the know-how technique and reputations can only be developed through repeated action. Firms build relationship with customers by consistently providing high-quality service and products. They develop valuable brand names and distribution capabilities after decades of effort and investment. Therefore, the evolution of coordination mechanism follows the gradual development of assets. The   mainstream economic theories has little to tell us about how and why some firms survive and grow and others do not; since in the standard microeconomic theory where it focuses on perfect competition among many identical competitors, the question of survival does not arise. Although variations in the size and longevity of firms have no influence on outcomes, and the evolution of a specific firm is irrelevant; it makes little difference in this theory whether changes in characteristics are treated as altering the existing firm or were able to implement early were rewarded with growth in output and value; the others joined a mass exodus (Bielski, 2007). In the life-cycle models; or ‘stages of growth’ or life cycle models often predictions on how firms develop as well as advice to entrepreneurs on nurturing their new ventures. The models recognize that businesses evolve in a gradual way; The Ford Motor Company and General Motors, which came to dominate the US automobile industry, evolved in markedly different ways. Ford’s evolution reflects founder Henry Ford’s engineering and manufacturing interests. It was produced on a moving assembly line, with machines specialized for minute tasks and extreme division of labor. The system of mass production of a single standardized productivity yielded cost savings, which allowed for low prices, which in turn helped expand consumer demand. Ford Motor Company grew by replicating this system in even larger and more vertically integrated facilities. The survival of such businesses depends more on effective adaptation to unexpected problems and opportunities than on the entrepreneur’s ability to formulate and implement a strategy. This therefore means long-term strategies do play an important role in the management of large corporations. Entrepreneurs who build long-lived firms establish audacious goals for their companies. For the founders of promising businesses may have a far-reaching vision, but it is not necessary for starting their ventures. These goals help entrepreneurs build large and long-lived firms contrary to the case where fledgling businesses do not automatically undertake the initiatives and investments needed to build a system of coordinated assets according to the satisfaction principle, audacious goals must stimulate the search for these initiatives and investments. Employees’ motivation The diversity of activities in these corporations requires the boards and top executives to delegate their control and management responsibilities to employees with the appropriate specific knowledge. The top executives do not initiate or implement many concrete proposals, but rather influence the initiatives undertaken by subordinates by formulating an overall corporate strategy and the processes for evaluating new initiative, not specific investment decisions. Instead of monitoring the implementation of every project, the board evaluated aggregate performance and the control system. For example, the board may evaluate whether the auditing function has sufficient independence from the operating managers. There is separation of ‘management’ and ‘control by the broad policy which leads to a corresponding separation of roles for specific decisions, and this is done by instituting monitoring devices and policies boards whereby top executives can give decision making rights to subordinates whom they cannot directly supervise while protecting shareholders from abuse of these rights. For instance, a sales person or executive or brand manager who has direct knowledge of customer needs and competitive offerings may initiate proposals for a new product (BhidÉ, 2003). It cannot be denied that, chance events often provide the spark for starting a promising business, entrepreneurs often encounter their opportunities by accident. In connection two factors also predispose some individuals to look for and take advantage of chance events; human capital and family backgrounds, and tolerance for ambiguity. In general, the transition of a fledging business into a large, well-established corporation requires a fundamental transformation rather than a simple scaling up, because of some basic differences in their attributes, since the profits of fledging businesses are derived from a few factors. Given the appropriate predisposition, what traits and skills determine an individual’s capacity to adapt to new circumstances and to secure resources on the converse the qualities do not have a material bearing on an individual’s willingness and capacity to start a promising business. Conclusion The transformation from fledging to mature firm requires protracted, purposive investment. The firms acquire a system of coordinated assets gradually, because capital constraints limit the size of individual investments and since it takes time to build customer relationship, know-how, and other such intangible assets. This process is not predestined, such as the normal development of an infant into an adult; entrepreneurs must consciously abandon the pursuit of short-term cash flow in favor of long-term investment. And although the sequent and pattern of investments are not predetermined, they are not random or opportunistic either, thus building long-lived firms involves the coordination of investments and efforts across functions and time. In specific, entrepreneurs have to adopt and articulate audacious goals and formulate a set of general rule (Bielski, 2007). References Adler, P. S. (1999). â€Å"Hybridization of Human Resource Management at Two Toyota   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transplants,† In J. Liker, M. Fruin, and P. S. Adler, eds., Remade in America:   Ã‚   Transplanting and Transforming Japanese Management Systems. New York:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oxford University Press. Ballard, M., Langrehr, F. W. (1993). What CPAs Can Learn from Wal-Mart. Journal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accountancy, 176(5), retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   database:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.questia.com BhidÉ, A. V. (2003). The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.questia.com Bielski, L. (2007). Texas Growth plus Wal-Mart Locations: Wood forest National Bank   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ABA Banking Journal, 99(6), 42. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   database: www.questia.com How to cite Motivation techniques, Essay examples